Macau, Macau SAR

University of Macau

Student guide · Task scope and procedure

Find the syllabus permission level.

The August 2024 GenAI guideline separates permitted, conditional and prohibited courses. UMPASS tools and staff research guidance have separate scope; older appeal passages remain historical with unspecified clock triggers.

Poniższe wskazówki są po angielsku; oficjalne dowody zachowano w języku oryginału.

Pełne podsumowanie zasad dla studentów nie jest jeszcze dostępne; sprawdź zebrane stwierdzenia i źródła.

Zakres i zasady przejściowe

The August 2024 GenAI guideline separates permitted, conditional and prohibited courses. UMPASS tools and staff research guidance have separate scope; older appeal passages remain historical with unspecified clock triggers.

Find the syllabus permission level. hero illustration; exact scope and conditions are in the adjacent source-linked text.
Sprawdź zasady swojej szkoły i danego zadania.

Co się dzieje, gdy użycie AI budzi wątpliwości?

Zebrano uzupełnienie: 2026-10-09 · Aktualne zastosowanie niepotwierdzone niezależnie

Porównaj opublikowany profil uczelni ↗

Podsumowanie jest obecnie dostępne po angielsku

Kiedy pojawia się wątpliwość

Zapis dotyczący AIFormalna proceduraCharakter: Informacyjny

Interpretacja serwisu

The August 2024 GenAI guideline offers three course-policy levels: permitted, conditionally permitted and prohibited. The specific syllabus decides; access to campus AI services does not authorize every graded task.

Zakres: Students in the cited programme/course/stage only · Only the captured source, version, audience and conditions; no exhaustive currency certification.

Zobacz oryginał i warunki

Zakres: Students in the cited programme/course/stage only · university

Academic staff should update their syllabi to include a course policy on the use of GenAI. The policy should be specific about how the use of GenAI is or is not allowed in the course, as this provides transparency for students and academic staff when matters of academic integrity arise. In general, there are three permission levels: 1. Use of GenAI is permitted within the course policy; 2. Use of GenAI is permitted in certain circumstances or with explicit permission; 3. Use of GenAI is prohibited. Students should adhere to the course policy on the use of GenAI, as shown in the syllabus of each individual course. It is essential for students to refer to the Rules on Handling Student Academic Dishonesty of the University of Macau. They should know that the course policies of different courses may vary in terms of types of permission granted.
Zobacz oficjalne źródło ↗

Zebrano: 2026-10-09 · 69–80
SHA-256: fde4db0a11de8121d8e0d5411762ae48dd2cc7451fe69908e4054fd4cccd5cb2

Jak odpowiedzieć

Zapis dotyczący AIFormalna proceduraCharakter: Informacyjny

Interpretacja serwisu

Acknowledge generative AI use across submission formats, including background use, adapted content and copy-editing, following the guideline’s tool and link information requirements. Responsibility for the final work remains human.

Zakres: Students in the cited programme/course/stage only · Only the captured source, version, audience and conditions; no exhaustive currency certification.

Zobacz oryginał i warunki

Zakres: Students in the cited programme/course/stage only · university

Students should acknowledge the use of GenAI in their assignment submissions (written, spoken or otherwise) and indicate how GenAI has been used. All submissions, written or otherwise, should be accompanied by any or all of the following statements, as appropriate. 1. I acknowledge the use of [name of AI tool(s) and hyperlink] to generate materials for background research and independent study. 2. I acknowledge the use of [name of AI tool(s) and hyperlink] to generate materials that I have adapted to include in this submission. The University of Macau Guidelines on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools Document code: RTO.04/202407/106.r01 Approval date: 9 August 2024 Effective date: 9 August 2024 Supersedes: RTO.04/202407/106.r00 Page 3 of 3 3. I acknowledge the use of [name of AI tool(s) and hyperlink] to help me copy-edit and/or proofread my writing in this submission.
Zobacz oficjalne źródło ↗

Zebrano: 2026-10-09 · 83–102
SHA-256: fde4db0a11de8121d8e0d5411762ae48dd2cc7451fe69908e4054fd4cccd5cb2

Zapis dotyczący AIFormalna proceduraCharakter: Informacyjny

Interpretacja serwisu

The research section is directed to academic staff: authors remain accountable, check generated output, declare use and avoid confidential, sensitive or personal information. It should not be relabelled as a universal student research permission.

Zakres: Academic staff under the research section of the GenAI guideline · Only the captured source, version, audience and conditions; no exhaustive currency certification.

Zobacz oryginał i warunki

Zakres: Academic staff under the research section of the GenAI guideline · university

(i) Acceptable Use On the premises that academic staff should be the primary authors of their own research outputs, the University permits academic staff to utilize GenAI tools to enhance the quality of their scholarly research. This may include using GenAI for the initial generation of research areas, literature review assistance, and proofreading. (ii) Accountability, Accuracy and Reliability Academic staff must recognise that AI-generated content and citations can be false, inaccurate or misleading. When academic staff use GenAI tools in their research, they need to be aware that they remain accountable for their own work. It is thus crucial for academic staff to exercise caution regarding the accuracy and reliability of their scholarly and creative outputs. UM academic staff must independently and comprehensively verify the outputs of GenAI tools and ensure the truthfulness of the information provided. (iii) Declaration, Copyright and Referencing When academic staff use materials produced by GenAI tools in their scholarly and creative outputs (e.g. text and pictures), they must clearly declare their use in the respective documents (e.g. journal papers, research grants). UM academic staff should adhere to accepted academic conventions and provide proper references for AI-generated materials. (iv) Data Privacy and Confidentiality Academic staff may be asked by GenAI tools to share and input information and data. As this The University of Macau Guidelines on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools Document code: RTO.04/202407/106.r01 Approval date: 9 August 2024 Effective date: 9 August 2024 Supersedes: RTO.04/202407/106.r00 Page 2 of 3 information and data may become publicly available, staff should exercise caution and avoid sharing confidential, sensitive or personally identifiable information when using GenAI tools.
Zobacz oficjalne źródło ↗

Zebrano: 2026-10-09 · 27–56
SHA-256: fde4db0a11de8121d8e0d5411762ae48dd2cc7451fe69908e4054fd4cccd5cb2

Zapis dotyczący AIOficjalne wskazówkiCharakter: Informacyjny

Interpretacja serwisu

ICTO offers Copilot and intranet open-source LLMs to staff and students using UMPASS, subject to the GenAI guidelines and terms. Microsoft 365 Copilot requires an additional purchased licence. The service privacy descriptions are institutional claims, not a tested guarantee or blanket permission to upload personal data.

Zakres: UM staff and students with UMPASS; Microsoft 365 Copilot has separate licence conditions · Only the captured source, version, audience and conditions; no exhaustive currency certification.

Zobacz oryginał i warunki

Zakres: UM staff and students with UMPASS; Microsoft 365 Copilot has separate licence conditions · university

Generative AI Tools Service Overview UM staff and students can use the following Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) Tools with UMPASS account. Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) Open-source LLMs (Intranet access) Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) Microsoft Copilot is an AI chatbot developed by Microsoft, based on a language model service offered by Microsoft OpenAI. Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) is available to UM staff and students when users sign in with UMPASS account. Unlike the free versions of Microsoft Copilot and ChatGPT, Copilot with enterprise data protection does not retain your history and use it to train the AI. Reference: Microsoft’s Copilot Privacy and protections. Open-source LLMs (Intranet access) This service is provided through UM’s local servers and ensures the security and confidentiality of all data and files uploaded by UM members. It may be intermittently slow and unstable due to resource constraints. We will monitor usage and review feedback for future planning and improvements. Getting started Access All UM Staff and Student can access GenAI Tools with UMPASS account. Open browser, go to https://genai.um.edu.mo. Please make sure you acknowledge the Guidelines on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools. By using GenAI Tools, you agree to comply with all the terms of agreement and laws, rules and regulations applicable to your use of the tool. Best Practices for Using Provisioned Open-Source LLMs If your answer quality is not ideal, try switching to another model and re‑submit the same prompt. For better responses, include: context, constraints, desired format, and examples (if any). You can use up to 3 models side-by-side to compare the responses. Learn more To access Microsoft 365 for Copilot, you will need an purchase additional license. Please refer to this FAQ for more information.
Zobacz oficjalne źródło ↗

Zebrano: 2026-10-09 · 86–107
SHA-256: 4ff7b58e5c27ac3431ebd865f6a22fb8e607e4de25428cee2b9ab0c323e48a85

Weryfikacja i odwołanie

Zalecenia źródłaFormalna proceduraCharakter: Informacyjny

Interpretacja serwisu

The captured older academic-dishonesty regulation specifies written appeals within 10 working days: Dean/Director findings or sanctions go to the Student Disciplinary Committee, and Committee findings or sanctions go to the Rector. These passages do not explicitly define the clock trigger. The document is historical, not certified as the complete current disciplinary rule.

Dean/Director to Student Disciplinary Committee appeal · 10 dni roboczych

Student · Wymagane w tej procedurze

W podanym terminie · Początek terminu nieokreślony. Początek terminu, zakres i wyjątki sprawdź w podsumowaniu oraz oryginale.

Student Disciplinary Committee to Rector appeal · 10 dni roboczych

Student · Wymagane w tej procedurze

W podanym terminie · Początek terminu nieokreślony. Początek terminu, zakres i wyjątki sprawdź w podsumowaniu oraz oryginale.

Zakres: Students in the cited programme/course/stage only · Only the captured source, version, audience and conditions; no exhaustive currency certification.

Zobacz oryginał i warunki

Zakres: Students in the cited programme/course/stage only · university

Warunki i wyjątki

Historical source; currentness not certified. No receipt trigger invented.

16. An appeal against any fact finding or any sanction imposed by the Dean/Director may be made within 10 working days to the Student Disciplinary Committee according to Item 1 of Article 10 of the Regulations of the Student Discipline of the University of Macau. Appeals must be in writing and the proceeding and final decision with respect to the appeal should follow the stipulations in Items 5 to 8 of Article 4 of the Regulations of the Student Affairs of the University of Macau. 17. An appeal against any fact finding or any sanction imposed by the Student Disciplinary Committee may be made within 10 working days to the Rector according to Item 1 of Article 11 of the Regulations of the Student Discipline of the University of Macau. Appeals must be in writing and the composition of the appeal panel, the proceeding and final decision with respect to the appeal shall follow Items 3-5 of Article 11 of the Regulations of the Student Affairs of the University of Macau.
Zobacz oficjalne źródło ↗

Zebrano: 2026-10-09 · 314–326
SHA-256: b29157cdf53c12f9a650d5b21dc19e903004d8d314b7cd70e055e62e8e7af048

Zbiór i wersje

Opublikowane uzupełnienia oparte na źródłach. Podsumowania angielskie i oryginalne cytaty są oddzielone od sprawdzonego rejestru. Możliwe procedury i wyniki nie oznaczają automatycznych kar za AI. Aktualne zastosowanie nie zostało niezależnie potwierdzone; sprawdź zakres i wersję źródła.

Porównano z zapisanym tekstem; tłumaczenie nieoficjalne

Skróty pozwalają porównać zapisane teksty; nie potwierdzają ich aktualności ani niezmienności. Tematy nie tworzą obowiązkowej sekwencji.

Narzędzia AI i dostęp

Dostęp do narzędzia nie oznacza zgody na użycie go w ocenianej pracy. Sprawdź zasady zadania, uprawnionych użytkowników i ograniczenia danych.

Zapis archiwalny; sprawdź aktualny dostęp w oficjalnym źródle. Informacje o dostępie i cytaty zachowują język oryginału.

  • DeepSeek-R1-32BUsługa hostowana przez uczelnięDozwolone w zakresie źródła
    Dostęp, warunki i oficjalne dowody

    University-local intranet DeepSeek service for UM staff and students.

    Use the GenAI intranet service with UMPASS.

    None during trial.

    Oficjalne źródło 1 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    UM ICTO identifies DeepSeek-R1-32B as Local with intranet access for University of Macau staff and students, with data staying on UM servers; its open-source LLM service is provided through UM local servers.
  • Gemma-3-27BUsługa hostowana przez uczelnięDozwolone w zakresie źródła
    Dostęp, warunki i oficjalne dowody

    University-local intranet Gemma service for UM staff and students.

    Use the GenAI intranet service with UMPASS.

    None during trial.

    Oficjalne źródło 1 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    UM ICTO identifies Gemma-3-27B as Local with intranet access for University of Macau staff and students, with data staying on UM servers; its open-source LLM service is provided through UM local servers.
  • Microsoft 365 CopilotDostęp uczelniany / licencjaObowiązują warunki
    Dostęp, warunki i oficjalne dowody

    M365 Copilot with an individual department-funded annual licence.

    Purchase an additional licence through the ICTO process.

    Individual annual licence, department-funded.

    Oficjalne źródło 1 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    UM ICTO lists Microsoft 365 Copilot for staff and students who purchased a licence and states that it requires an individual annual department-funded licence.
  • Microsoft Copilot (UM UMPASS)Oficjalne zalecenieObowiązują warunki
    Dostęp, warunki i oficjalne dowody

    Staff/students with UMPASS; Microsoft 365 Copilot requires an additional purchased licence. Course GenAI policy and terms remain applicable.

    UMPASS account; acknowledge GenAI guideline and terms.

    Microsoft 365 Copilot is separately purchased; no amount established.

    Data weryfikacji uzupełnienia:

    Oficjalne źródło 1 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    Generative AI Tools Service Overview UM staff and students can use the following Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) Tools with UMPASS account. Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) Open-source LLMs (Intranet access) Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) Microsoft Copilot is an AI chatbot developed by Microsoft, based on a language model service offered by Microsoft OpenAI. Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) is available to UM staff and students when users sign in with UMPASS account. Unlike the free versions of Microsoft Copilot and ChatGPT, Copilot with enterprise data protection does not retain your history and use it to train the AI.
    Oficjalne źródło 2 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    Reference: Microsoft’s Copilot Privacy and protections. Open-source LLMs (Intranet access) This service is provided through UM’s local servers and ensures the security and confidentiality of all data and files uploaded by UM members. It may be intermittently slow and unstable due to resource constraints. We will monitor usage and review feedback for future planning and improvements. Getting started Access All UM Staff and Student can access GenAI Tools with UMPASS account. Open browser, go to https://genai.um.edu.mo. Please make sure you acknowledge the Guidelines on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools. By using GenAI Tools, you agree to comply with all the terms of
    Oficjalne źródło 3 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    agreement and laws, rules and regulations applicable to your use of the tool. Best Practices for Using Provisioned Open-Source LLMs If your answer quality is not ideal, try switching to another model and re‑submit the same prompt. For better responses, include: context, constraints, desired format, and examples (if any). You can use up to 3 models side-by-side to compare the responses. Learn more To access Microsoft 365 for Copilot, you will need an purchase additional license. Please refer to this FAQ for more information.
  • Open-source LLMs (UM intranet)Oficjalne zalecenieObowiązują warunki
    Dostęp, warunki i oficjalne dowody

    Institutional open-source LLM service for staff/students with UMPASS; service privacy statement is not blanket permission for personal data.

    UMPASS at genai.um.edu.mo on the institutional intranet as described.

    No individual price established.

    Data weryfikacji uzupełnienia:

    Oficjalne źródło 1 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    Generative AI Tools Service Overview UM staff and students can use the following Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) Tools with UMPASS account. Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) Open-source LLMs (Intranet access) Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) Microsoft Copilot is an AI chatbot developed by Microsoft, based on a language model service offered by Microsoft OpenAI. Microsoft Copilot (with enterprise data protection) is available to UM staff and students when users sign in with UMPASS account. Unlike the free versions of Microsoft Copilot and ChatGPT, Copilot with enterprise data protection does not retain your history and use it to train the AI.
    Oficjalne źródło 2 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    Reference: Microsoft’s Copilot Privacy and protections. Open-source LLMs (Intranet access) This service is provided through UM’s local servers and ensures the security and confidentiality of all data and files uploaded by UM members. It may be intermittently slow and unstable due to resource constraints. We will monitor usage and review feedback for future planning and improvements. Getting started Access All UM Staff and Student can access GenAI Tools with UMPASS account. Open browser, go to https://genai.um.edu.mo. Please make sure you acknowledge the Guidelines on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools. By using GenAI Tools, you agree to comply with all the terms of
    Oficjalne źródło 3 ↗

    Oryginalny cytat

    agreement and laws, rules and regulations applicable to your use of the tool. Best Practices for Using Provisioned Open-Source LLMs If your answer quality is not ideal, try switching to another model and re‑submit the same prompt. For better responses, include: context, constraints, desired format, and examples (if any). You can use up to 3 models side-by-side to compare the responses. Learn more To access Microsoft 365 for Copilot, you will need an purchase additional license. Please refer to this FAQ for more information.

Reviewed record

Zweryfikowane stwierdzenia

Zweryfikowane stwierdzenia: 9

Uczciwość akademickaZweryfikowane stwierdzenia: 2

Academic Integrity

UM guidance says students should acknowledge GenAI use in assignment submissions and indicate how GenAI was used.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność95%

Wartość znormalizowana: student_acknowledgement_expected

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
Students should acknowledge the use of GenAI in their assignment submissions (written, spoken or otherwise) and indicate how GenAI has been used.

Academic Integrity

UM CTLE student FAQ guidance says students must declare use of editing aids, including generative AI tools that revise text, to their instructor.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność90%

Wartość znormalizowana: declare_editing_aids_including_genai

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
You must declare your use of any editing aids (including generative AI tools that revise text, and/or any text editors, translation tools, etc.) to your instructor, even if your instructor gives you permission to use them.
NauczanieZweryfikowane stwierdzenia: 1

Nauczanie

UM guidance says academic staff should include a course policy on GenAI use in syllabi, specifying whether GenAI is permitted, permitted only in certain circumstances or with explicit permission, or prohibited.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność94%

Wartość znormalizowana: course_policy_permission_levels

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
Academic staff should update their syllabi to include a course policy on the use of GenAI. The policy should be specific about how the use of GenAI is or is not allowed in the course. In general, there are three permission levels: Use of GenAI is permitted within the course policy; Use of GenAI is permitted in certain circumstances or with explicit permission; Use of GenAI is prohibited.
PrywatnośćZweryfikowane stwierdzenia: 1

Prywatność

UM guidance tells academic staff to exercise caution and avoid sharing confidential, sensitive, or personally identifiable information when using GenAI tools.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność94%

Wartość znormalizowana: avoid_confidential_sensitive_personal_data_in_genai_tools

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
Academic staff may be asked by GenAI tools to share and input information and data. As this information and data may become publicly available, staff should exercise caution and avoid sharing confidential, sensitive or personally identifiable information when using GenAI tools.
Zasady używania narzędzi AIZweryfikowane stwierdzenia: 4

Ai Tool Treatment

DeepSeek-R1-32B is listed for University of Macau in an official university AI tools source. Derived availability: allowed. Derived endorsement type: self hosted system.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność97%

Wartość znormalizowana: {"tool":"deepseek","rawToolName":"DeepSeek-R1-32B","description":"University-local intranet DeepSeek service for UM staff and students.","howToObtain":"Use the GenAI intranet service with UMPASS.","costToUser":"None during trial.","availability":"allowed","endorsementType":"self_hosted_system"}

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
UM ICTO identifies DeepSeek-R1-32B as Local with intranet access for University of Macau staff and students, with data staying on UM servers; its open-source LLM service is provided through UM local servers.

Widok lokalny only

UM ICTO identifies DeepSeek-R1-32B as Local with intranet access for University of Macau staff and students, with data staying on UM servers; its open-source LLM service is provided through UM local servers.

Ai Tool Treatment

Gemma-3-27B is listed for University of Macau in an official university AI tools source. Derived availability: allowed. Derived endorsement type: self hosted system.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność97%

Wartość znormalizowana: {"tool":"gemma","rawToolName":"Gemma-3-27B","description":"University-local intranet Gemma service for UM staff and students.","howToObtain":"Use the GenAI intranet service with UMPASS.","costToUser":"None during trial.","availability":"allowed","endorsementType":"self_hosted_system"}

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
UM ICTO identifies Gemma-3-27B as Local with intranet access for University of Macau staff and students, with data staying on UM servers; its open-source LLM service is provided through UM local servers.

Widok lokalny only

UM ICTO identifies Gemma-3-27B as Local with intranet access for University of Macau staff and students, with data staying on UM servers; its open-source LLM service is provided through UM local servers.

Ai Tool Treatment

Microsoft Copilot is listed for University of Macau in an official university AI tools source. Derived availability: allowed. Derived endorsement type: institutionally licensed or procured.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność97%

Wartość znormalizowana: {"tool":"microsoft_copilot","rawToolName":"Microsoft Copilot","description":"Enterprise-data-protected Copilot included in UM's M365 licence.","howToObtain":"Sign in with a UMPASS account.","costToUser":"None; included in UM M365 licence.","availability":"allowed","endorsementType":"institutionally_licensed_or_procured"}

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
UM ICTO says Microsoft Copilot with enterprise data protection is available to University of Macau staff and students using UMPASS and is included in the UM M365 licence.

Widok lokalny only

UM ICTO says Microsoft Copilot with enterprise data protection is available to University of Macau staff and students using UMPASS and is included in the UM M365 licence.

Ai Tool Treatment

Microsoft 365 Copilot is listed for University of Macau in an official university AI tools source. Derived availability: conditionally allowed. Derived endorsement type: institutionally licensed or procured.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność97%

Wartość znormalizowana: {"tool":"microsoft_copilot_for_m365","rawToolName":"Microsoft 365 Copilot","description":"M365 Copilot with an individual department-funded annual licence.","howToObtain":"Purchase an additional licence through the ICTO process.","costToUser":"Individual annual licence, department-funded.","availability":"conditionally_allowed","endorsementType":"institutionally_licensed_or_procured"}

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
UM ICTO lists Microsoft 365 Copilot for staff and students who purchased a licence and states that it requires an individual annual department-funded licence.

Widok lokalny only

UM ICTO lists Microsoft 365 Copilot for staff and students who purchased a licence and states that it requires an individual annual department-funded licence.

Status źródłaZweryfikowane stwierdzenia: 1

Source Status

The University of Macau has official guidelines on the use of generative artificial intelligence tools for UM academic staff and students.

Przegląd: Sprawdzone przez agentaPewność97%

Wartość znormalizowana: official_guidelines_found

Oryginalny dowód

Dowód 1
The University of Macau supports the responsible use of generative AI (GenAI) for teaching, learning and research and urges all academic staff and students to carefully consider their stance on the use of GenAI. The University has produced these guidelines for all UM academic staff and students.

Source record

Oficjalne źródła

Źródła: 4

Otwórz listę oficjalnych źródeł

Guidelines on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools

genai.um.edu.mo

Skrót migawki
6aa29099…
Informacje, JSON i cytowanie
RecenzjaWeryfikacja wspomagana AIPewność97%Status migawkiNieopublikowaneJSONPubliczny JSON

Citation: University AI Policy Tracker. "University of Macau AI Policy Tracker record." Last checked July 19, 2026. https://eduaipolicy.org/universities/university-of-macau

Original university source language remains canonical. This tracker is not an official university statement.

Otwórz dziennik zmian

Saved from University AI Policy Tracker. This record summarizes the cited sources; it is not an official university statement or assessment permission. Source and review dates are listed above. Hashes identify retained content, not authorization.