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VU Amsterdam student examinations guidance establishes that instructors cannot require students to use unlicensed AI applications (such as ChatGPT, Claude, or Grok), while identifying authorized tools covered by formal institutional data processing agreements: Microsoft Copilot for Web, Google Gemini and Gemini Notebook (under Google Workspace for Education Fundamentals), Cogniti on Azure, and integrated didactical tools (Canvas, FeedbackFruits, Writefull), provided students log in with VU credentials and never submit sensitive personal or research data.