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Under GSAS Committee on Regulations and Discipline procedures, students are asked to respond in writing to an allegation ordinarily within two weeks. Hearings are conducted by a panel of at least four members (including a usually non-voting secretary; three voting members including at least one student form a quorum). Decisions are made by secret ballot on a preponderance of the evidence; the committee recommends a sanction to the dean, who determines the penalty. Disciplinary decisions take immediate effect. Students may submit a written appeal to the Committee of Review no later than five business days after the committee decision. The Committee of Review (three members) may decline action or request reconsideration; on reconsideration, the committee cannot find culpability if previously exonerated or impose a more severe penalty. Scope is restricted to GSAS; research misconduct is referred under Research Misconduct procedures; undergraduate cases follow separate Yale College Executive Committee procedures.